Solar lights are a type of light that are powered by the sun. lead-acid battery A general category that includes batteries with plates made of pure lead, lead-antimony, or lead-calcium immersed in an acid electrolyte. Usually expressed in hours per year or that percentage. Also called bound state. This term is related to system availability. shunt controller A charge controller that redirects or shunts the charging current away from the battery. By way of an example - take an industrial or warehouse high bay light fitting with a LOR of 70%: this indicates that 30% of the lamp's light output is lost due to the design of the fitting cathode The negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell, vacuum tube, etc., where electrons enter (current leaves) the system; the opposite of an anode. The lumen would contain all of the reactants and intermediates of the light-dependent reactions. flat-plate array A photovoltaic (PV) array that consists of non-concentrating PV modules. Direct link to Leela's post How do carotenoids dissip, Posted 5 years ago. underground feeder (UF) May be used for photovoltaic array wiring if sunlight resistant coating is specified; can be used for interconnecting balance-of-system components but not recommended for use within battery enclosures. photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency The ratio of the electric power produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device. phosphorous (P) A chemical element used as a dopant in making n-type semiconductor layers. Low-capacity batteries can be fully charged using the small . This value is important when selecting an inverter. secondary battery A battery that can be recharged. module derate factor A factor that lowers the photovoltaic module current to account for field operating conditions such as dirt accumulation on the module. (Sometimes the terms cell and battery are used interchangeably). voltage regulation This indicates the variability in the output voltage. majority carrier Current carriers (either free electrons or holes) that are in excess in a specific layer of a semiconductor material (electrons in the n-layer, holes in the p-layer) of a cell. Each particle of electromagnetic radiation, called a, In photosynthesis, the suns energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms. vacuum zero The energy of an electron at rest in empty space; used as a reference level in energy band diagrams. float charge The voltage required to counteract the self-discharge of the battery at a certain temperature. Opposite of central power. High-quality circuitry will give you a longer-lasting, brighter . Some loads will not tolerate voltage variations greater than a few percent. resistance (R) The property of a conductor, which opposes the flow of an electric current resulting in the generation of heat in the conducting material. base load generating plants Typically coal or nuclear generating units that are committed and dispatched at constant or near-constant levels with minimum cycling. Electrolyte cannot be added. diffusion furnace Furnace used to make junctions in semiconductors by diffusing dopant atoms into the surface of the material. As long as the battery is the same voltage, you can replace it with one that has a little different mAh capacity, although we advise selecting replacement batteries with the closest mAh rating you can. During discharge, chemical energy is converted to electric energy and is consumed in an external circuit or apparatus. energy density The ratio of available energy per pound; usually used to compare storage batteries. NOCT is used to estimate the nominal operating temperature of a module in its working environment. Another potential problem: If you choose to mount the solar light on a wall, for example as a . This term is more common to system designers than it is to the battery industry where capacity usually refers to ampere-hours. rated battery capacity The term used by battery manufacturers to indicate the maximum amount of energy that can be withdrawn from a battery under specified discharge rate and temperature. fill factor The ratio of a photovoltaic cells actual power to its power if both current and voltage were at their maxima. This is not true. superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) SMES technology uses the superconducting characteristics of low-temperature materials to produce intense magnetic fields to store energy. maximum power point tracker (MPPT) Means of a power conditioning unit that automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum power point under all conditions. Usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Your old batteries capacity is typically listed in the mAh rating. See also single-crystal silicon an polycrystalline silicon. minority carrier lifetime The average time a minority carrier exists before recombination. electricity Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions. Flat-plate arrays and modules use direct and diffuse sunlight, but if the array is fixed in position, some portion of the direct sunlight is lost because of oblique sun-angles in relation to the array. direct insolation Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. The solar glossary contains definitions for technical terms related to solar power and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, including terms having to do with electricity, power generation, and concentrating solar power (CSP).1, A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. Pounds are to bananas. The homeowner plugs the system into a PV-ready circuit and an automatic PV discovery process initiates communication between the system and the utility. multicrystalline A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variously oriented, small, individual crystals. charge factor A number representing the time in hours during which a battery can be charged at a constant current without damage to the battery. See also resistance. ancillary services Services that assist the grid operator in maintaining system balance. Venus only moves retrograde once every 18 months, although it lasts for about six weeks, give or take. Check Out Cheap Valentines Deals on Amazon. At any given moment, the sun is ejecting charged particles from its corona, or upper atmosphere, creating what's called the solar wind. gassing current The portion of charge current that goes into electrolytical production of hydrogen and oxygen from the electrolytic liquid. photovoltaic (PV) panel often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in one-module systems), but more accurately used to refer to a physically connected collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve a required voltage and current). LEDs can be wired in clusters to intensify the light output. The operating point is dependent on the load or the batteries connected to the output terminals of the array. 1 Wires from the solar cell connect to the battery, which . Solar for Electricity Production, NY regulators lift solar net metering caps until REV docket sets DER values, Midwest Utilities Making Shift to Renewables. The current industry-standard TCO is indium tin oxide. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common support or mounting. A key characteristic in evaluating cell performance. Also called depletion zone or space charge. It tells the panels to stop working at night because it senses the light being received by them. depth of discharge (DOD) The ampere-hours removed from a fully charged cell or battery, expressed as a percentage of rated capacity. polycrystalline thin film A thin film made of multicrystalline material. Rechargeable 2/3AAA batteries are 30mm long and 10.5mm in diameter, two-thirds the size of a AAA battery. Used as an indicator of battery state-of-charge. downtime Time when the photovoltaic system cannot provide power for the load. What Does W And C Mean On Solar Lights? fixed tilt array A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect to horizontal. concentrating photovoltaics (CPV) A solar technology that uses lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto high-efficiency solar cells. activated shelf life The period of time, at a specified temperature, that a charged battery can be stored before its capacity falls to an unusable level. storage battery A device capable of transforming energy from electric to chemical form and vice versa. In this case, the thylakoid membrane (the 3rd membrane of chloroplasts) encloses the lumen. The equivalent value of alternating current, I, that will produce the same heating in a conductor with resistance, R, as a dc current of value I. battery available capacity The total maximum charge, expressed in ampere-hours, that can be withdrawn from a cell or battery under a specific set of operating conditions including discharge rate, temperature, initial state of charge, age, and cut-off voltage. The switches are turned on and off at a correct sequence, at a certain frequency. When that wind slams into Earth's ionosphere, or upper . Here, we'll look at two groups of pigments that are important in plants: chlorophylls and carotenoids. duty rating The amount of time an inverter (power conditioning unit) can produce at full rated power. pulse-width-modulated (PWM) wave inverter A type of power inverter that produce a high quality (nearly sinusoidal) voltage, at minimum current harmonics. Circuitry: This is the most crucial component of a solar light, and the one that most often separates the good solar lights from the bad. seasonal depth of discharge An adjustment factor used in some system sizing procedures which allows the battery to be gradually discharged over a 30-90 day period of poor solar insolation. external quantum efficiency (external QE or EQE) Quantum efficiency that includes the effect of optical losses, such as transmission through the cell and reflection of light away from the cell. intrinsic semiconductor An undoped semiconductor. peak watt A unit used to rate the performance of solar cells, modules, or arrays; the maximum nominal output of a photovoltaic device, in watts (Wp) under standardized test conditions, usually 1,000 watts per square meter of sunlight with other conditions, such as temperature specified. It is simple to assume that the more capacity, the better the solar lights will function. AnsweredContinue, Read More How Much Electricity Does It Take To Kill A Human? FactsManiya 2022-2023. They can increase the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times. They also do not work as well during the winter or on cloudy days, so you may want to store your them indoors during rainy or snowy seasons. Siemens process A commercial method of making purified silicon. line-commutated inverter An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. boule A sausage-shaped, synthetic single-crystal mass grown in a special furnace, pulled and turned at a rate necessary to maintain the single-crystal structure during growth. electric current The flow of electrical energy (electricity) in a conductor, measured in amperes. gigawatt (GW) A unit of power equal to 1 billion Watts; 1 million kilowatts, or 1,000 megawatts. p-type semiconductor A semiconductor in which holes carry the current; produced by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron acceptor impurity (e.g., boron in silicon). These include regulation and the contingency reserves: spinning, non-spinning, and in some regions, supplemental operating reserve. smart grid An intelligent electric power system that regulates the two-way flow of electricity and information between power plants and consumers to control grid activity. MacBook Core m7 12in Buying Guide Why Its A Great Option? Direct sunlight is around 100k lumens and uses no amount of energy per hour. This process begins with the absorption of light by specialized organic molecules, called, Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, a type of energy that travels in waves. The most common size is AA, which measures 14.5mm in diameter and 50.5mm in height. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post Because chlorophyll is mo, Posted 7 years ago. starved electrolyte cell A battery containing little or no free fluid electrolyte. what: [adjective] how remarkable or striking for good or bad qualities. series connection A way of joining photovoltaic cells by connecting positive leads to negative leads; such a configuration increases the voltage. irradiance The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a surface. soft costs Non-hardware costs related to PV systems, such as financing, permitting, installation, interconnection, and inspection. See also battery capacity. pyrheliometer An instrument used for measuring direct beam solar irradiance. The system operating voltage is dependent on the load or batteries connected to the output terminals. Once the backyard solar light has been cleaned, dried, and given time to recharge, they frequently begin to function once more. contact resistance The resistance between metallic contacts and the semiconductor. While every location on Earth receives some sunlight over a year, the amount of solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the Earth's surface varies. hydrogenated amorphous silicon Amorphous silicon with a small amount of incorporated hydrogen. With this method, a substrate is exposed to one or more vaporized compounds, one or more of which contain desirable constituents. The commutation of power (conversion from direct current to alternating current) is controlled by the power line, so that, if there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line. maximum power point (MPP) The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum. bypass diode A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic module such that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become reverse biased. Visible light is composed of different colors, each having a different wavelength and energy level. Can be part of a maximum power point tracker. battery Two or more electrochemical cells enclosed in a container and electrically interconnected in an appropriate series/parallel arrangement to provide the required operating voltage and current levels. orientation Placement with respect to the cardinal directions, N, S, E, W; azimuth is the measure of orientation from north. V vacuum evaporation The deposition of thin films of semiconductor material by the evaporation of elemental sources in a vacuum. Rechargeable batteries with limited capacity are used in almost all outdoor solar lights. Direct link to dedduwasanithu's post Can we conduct photosynth, Posted 2 years ago. energy contribution potential Recombination occurring in the emitter region of a photovoltaic cell. F. Solar lights can be turned off when not in use because they have an on/off switch. This feature is recommended if the battery temperature is expected to vary more than 5C from ambient temperature. Whe, Posted 5 years ago. With that in mind, you can get by with getting medium-capacity batteries, something like 800 maH each will be fine. Most solar lights have a switch on the back or bottom that allows you to choose between the two modes. J joule A metric unit of energy or work; 1 joule per second equals 1 watt or 0.737 foot-pounds; 1 Btu equals 1,055 joules. deep discharge Discharging a battery to 20% or less of its full charge capacity. One gram calorie per square centimeter. Direct link to Akhila S's post Chlorophyll a absorbs the. Lastly, try changing the batteries in the solar lights. Direct link to Rylee Joyce's post At which wavelength is ch, Posted 3 years ago. S sacrificial anode A piece of metal buried near a structure that is to be protected from corrosion. sputtering A process used to apply photovoltaic semiconductor material to a substrate by a physical vapor deposition process where high-energy ions are used to bombard elemental sources of semiconductor material, which eject vapors of atoms that are then deposited in thin layers on a substrate. Hi, I'm Ryan Smithburger and I am a PhD in Computer Science, My knowledge and experience and everything I research, I will be sharing all here on my blog to help out you people. passivation A chemical reaction that eliminates the detrimental effect of electrically reactive atoms on a solar cells surface. shallow-cycle battery A battery with small plates that cannot withstand many discharges to a low state-of-charge. charge The process of adding electrical energy to a battery. dendritic web technique A method for making sheets of polycrystalline silicon in which silicon dendrites are slowly withdrawn from a melt of silicon whereupon a web of silicon forms between the dendrites and solidifies as it rises from the melt and cools. I wont go into depth about KW/H power because I think you are already familiar with it. solar spectrum The total distribution of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the sun. Lumens are a measure of light output. The battery will be damaged if overcharged for a long period. 16. In algae and cyanobacteria there is chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b occurs in green algae and plants. A:Solar lights are lighting systems powered by the sun and come in various colors, designs, and sizes. Lumens let you buy the amount of light you want. stand-off mounting Technique for mounting a photovoltaic array on a sloped roof, which involves mounting the modules a short distance above the pitched roof and tilting them to the optimum angle. solar constant The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earths upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the suns rays; equal to 1353 watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot. hybrid system A solar electric or photovoltaic system that includes other sources of electricity generation, such as wind or diesel generators. combined collector A photovoltaic device or module that provides useful heat energy in addition to electricity. Can we conduct photosynthesis under monochromatic light rays such as green? rated power Rated power of the inverter. temperature factors It is common for three elements in photovoltaic system sizing to have distinct temperature corrections: a factor used to decrease battery capacity at cold temperatures; a factor used to decrease PV module voltage at high temperatures; and a factor used to decrease the current carrying capability of wire at high temperatures. balancing area A metered segment of the power system, maintained by a balancing area authority, that ensures the total of all electrical generation equals the total of all system loads. electrical grid An integrated system of electricity distribution, usually covering a large area. F. Solar lights can be turned off when not in use because they have an on/off switch. Is it when the line on the graph peaks? Direct link to Mayesha kabir's post No that'she not right. electrolyte A nonmetallic (liquid or solid) conductor that carries current by the movement of ions (instead of electrons) with the liberation of matter at the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. self-discharge The rate at which a battery, without a load, will lose its charge. P packing factor The ratio of array area to actual land area or building envelope area for a system; or, the ratio of total solar cell area to the total module area, for a module. See also photovoltaic (PV) cell. total AC load demand The sum of the alternating current loads. dendrite A slender threadlike spike of pure crystalline material, such as silicon. grid-interactive system Same as grid-connected system. The charge controller may also indicate the system operational status. current at maximum power (Imp) The current at which maximum power is available from a module. AnsweredContinue, Read More Can You Convert A Pull-Start Generator To Electric Start?Continue, Read More Can Static Electricity Be Seen In The Dark? Electricity transmission networks use AC because voltage can be controlled with relative ease. low voltage warning A warning buzzer or light that indicates the low battery voltage set point has been reached. For instance, we would advise replacing the 1.2V 600mAh AA NiCd or NiMH batteries in your solar lights with our 1.2V NIMH AA 600mAh solar light batteries. When a pigment molecule absorbs light, it is raised from a ground state to an excited state. doping The addition of dopants to a semiconductor. load resistance The resistance presented by the load. resistive voltage drop The voltage developed across a cell by the current flow through the resistance of the cell. cadmium telluride (CdTe) A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material. (Answered)Continue, Because we pay so much time in our bedrooms. This keeps the current at levels where switches and other components are readily available. U ultraviolet Electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 4 to 400 nanometers. amperage interrupt capability (AIC) direct current fuses should be rated with a sufficient AIC to interrupt the highest possible current. (answered), What Can I Do With A 20-Watt Solar Panel Power? Every so often or whenever you see that the solar panels on your solar lights are becoming dirty, wash them with soap and water. nickel cadmium battery A battery containing nickel and cadmium plates and an alkaline electrolyte. The LED in the solar lights can be tested to see if it operates as previously specified using a standard non-rechargeable battery. sulfation A condition that afflicts unused and discharged batteries; large crystals of lead sulfate grow on the plate, instead of the usual tiny crystals, making the battery extremely difficult to recharge.