As a result of Ezana's expansions, Aksum bordered the Roman province of Egypt. Decolonisation of Africa - Wikipedia [61], Ethiopia was never colonized by a European power, but was occupied by Italians in 1936 (see below); however, several colonial powers had interests and designs on Ethiopia in the context of the 19th-century "Scramble for Africa. Apartheid South Africa Legislative Timeline. According to modern thinking, some of these categories are not true classes. Under the early Solomonic dynasty Ethiopia engaged in military reforms and imperial expansion which left it dominating the Horn of Africa, especially under the rule of Amda Seyon I. Here he received an ambassador from the Empress beseeching him to send help against the Muslims, and in the July following a force of 400 musketeers, under the command of Cristvo da Gama, younger brother of the admiral, marched into the interior at first were successful against the enemy; but subsequently defeated at the Battle of Wofla (28 August 1542), and their commander captured and executed. In 1865, Sahle Maryam escaped from Magdala, abandoning his wife, and arrived in Shewa, and was there acclaimed as Negus. [27] According to Ethiopian tradition, she ruled over the remains of the Aksumite Empire for 40 years before transmitting the crown to her descendants. 2006 November - Ethiopian troops enter Somalia to oust al-Shabab Islamists controlling large parts of the country. [3] The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. Between 1528 and 1540, the Adal Sultanate attempted, under Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, to conquer the Ethiopian Empire. Christianity was introduced into the country by Frumentius,[34] who was consecrated first bishop of Ethiopia by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria about 330 CE. Slaves could be bought and sold (but not to non-Christians), and had limited legal rights. Throughout much of its existence, it was surrounded by hostile forces in the African Horn; however, it managed to develop and preserve a kingdom based on its ancient form of Christianity. Ethiopia (Imperialism) Ethiopia is the only African country to fight off European imperialists. History of the Galla. Egyptian traders from about 3000 BC refer to lands south of Nubia or Kush as Punt and Yam. He was trained there in Tewodros's service, and then placed in comfortable detention at the fortress of Magdala. By freemanags1. [115], Protests broke out across the country, many from the largest ethnic group, the Oromo, in 2016 demanding an end to human rights abuses and the release of political prisoners. During the conflict, both Ethiopian and Italian troops committed war crimes. Once again, the Axumite Kingdom is recorded as controlling part if not all of Yemen in the 6th century CE. From 1874 to 1876, the Empire expanded into Eritrea, under Yohannes IV King of Tembien, whose forces led by Ras Alula won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien. Regarded as the origin of humankind, it was, according to Harvard professor Ephraim Isaac about 10,000 years ago, one single nation or. Eventually Mikael Sehul deposed the Emperor Iyoas (7 May 1769). 1872 - Tigrayan chieftain becomes Yohannes IV. By starship-enterprise. [100], After a period of civil unrest that began in February 1974, a provisional administrative council of soldiers, known as the Derg ("committee"), seized power from the aging Emperor Haile Selassie I on September 12, 1974, and installed a government that was socialist in name and military in style. The degree of Ezana's control over Yemen is uncertain. Ethiopia is one of the world's oldest countries, its territorial extent having varied over the millennia of its existence. Following the death of Abba Jifar II of Jimma, Emperor Haile Selassie seized the opportunity to annex Jimma. His father was a small local chief, and his relative (possibly uncle) Dejazmach Kinfu was governor of the provinces of Dembiya, Qwara and Chelga between Lake Tana and the northwestern frontier. This was pending the return of Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen from medical treatment in Europe when he would assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. The inscriptions depict a trading group bringing back myrrh trees, sacks of myrrh, elephant tusks, incense, gold, various fragmented wood, and exotic animals. Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer", https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false, https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false, Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, The History of Islam in Africa - Google Books", "An Amharic Manuscript on the Mythical History of the Adi kyaz (Dizi, South-West Ethiopia)", "Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief", "The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of "Afaan Oromoo", http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/720181468749078939/pdf/multi-page.pdf, https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49, https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf, "Feudalism in Ethiopia: A Further Comment on Paradigms and Their Use", "Ethiopia: A Survey on the Existence of a Feudal Peasantry", "Peasants and Feudalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia", "The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931", "The Birth and Development of Banking Services in Ethiopia", "Haile Selassie I University - Five Year Plan 1967 - 1971", "An Overview of Ethiopia's Planning Experience", "Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions", "The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems", "Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Empire&oldid=1152312720, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Amharic-language text, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Regiments at the court, under high court officials, Regiments in the provinces, under regional Rases or other officials, Regiments in border regions, or more autonomous provinces, such as, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 13:29. Mentewab had herself crowned as co-ruler, becoming the first woman to be crowned in this manner in Ethiopian history. [5] Civil conflict in the country, including the Metekel conflict Wollega attacks] and the Tigray War. Laurent Bavay, Thierry de Putter, Barbara Adams, Jacques Novez, Luc Andr, 2000. Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? [12] In 2019, further evidence of Middle Stone Age complex projectile weapons was found at Aduma, also in Ethiopia, dated 100,000-80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers. [32][30] The eponymously named Solomonic dynasty was founded and ruled by the Abyssinians, from whom Abyssinia gets its name. The Italian army, under the direction of dictator Benito Mussolini, invaded Ethiopian territory on October 2, 1935. [103] The Derg decided in November 1974 to pursue war in Eritrea rather than seek a negotiated settlement. Genocides in history (before World War I) Ethiopia under Menelik II (18891913), Italian war crimes Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia), resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front, Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, began a military offensive in the Tigray Region, "Ethiopia: One of the world's fastest growing economies", "Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution", "Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed", "Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago", "Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia", "Mummified baboons shine new light on the lost land of Punt", https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04575c.htm, "Strong's Hebrew: 3568. The 120 surviving Portuguese soldiers fled with Queen Mother Seble Wongel and regrouped with Ethiopian forces led by the Emperor to enact several defeats on the Adal over late 1542 and early 1543. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). The dynasty would last until its overthrow by a new regime claiming descent from the old Aksumite kings. International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Around 1270, a new dynasty was established in the Abyssinian highlands under Yekuno Amlak, with aid from neighboring Makhzumi dynasty deposed the last of the Zagwe kings and married one of his daughters. Under the Solomonic dynasty, the chief provinces became Tigray (northern), what is now Amhara (central) and Shewa (southern). 2020 November - Tensions with Tigray region after a state election deemed unconstitutional escalate as the federal government sends in troops. Ethiopia sent logistical support to the Transitional Federal Government opposing the Islamists. [52], Gondar as a third long-term capital (after Aksum and Lalibela) of the Christian Kingdom was founded by Emperor Fasilides in 1636. Ethiopia allowed the US to station military advisors at Camp Hurso. This help led to the 1974 coup of Mengistu. He is later sentenced to death. Students can create an additional timeline that describes the independence movements in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s. The D'mt kingdom was influenced by the Sabaeans in Yemen, however it is not known to what extent. 4th century - Christianity becomes state religion.. The Ethiopian Empire was incorporated into the Italian colony of Italian East Africa. Religious conflict, both within the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and between them and the Muslims were often used as a pretext for mutual strife. Twenty years later, the Somali region of Ethiopia remained under-developed and insecure. Coins showing the royal portrait began to be minted under King Endubis toward the end of the 3rd century CE. Emperor Justin I of the Eastern Roman Empire requested that his fellow Christian, Kaleb, help fight the Yemenite king. 12701974 empire centered in Ethiopia and Eritrea, "Abyssinia" redirects here. A remote province such as Bale is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during Yaqob reign (1590-1607).[41]. Reacting to these challenges, in the 1630s Emperor Fasilides founded the new capital of Gondar, marking the start of a new golden age known as the Gondarine period. About 1000 (presumably c. 960, though the date is uncertain), a Jewish princess, Yodit(Judith) or nicknamed "Gudit", conspired to murder all the members of the royal family and establish herself as monarch. With the backing of most nobles in Ethiopia, the campaign was a success for Britain and the Ethiopian Emperor committed suicide rather than surrender. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations, though not much was done to end the hostility. This victory allowed the empire to reconquer progressively the Ethiopian Highlands. In a recent Foreign Policy article, Robert D. Kaplan argues that Ethiopia will not fall apart despite the serious civil wars in which it is embroiled on several fronts. The monarchy was formally abolished in March 1975, and Marxism-Leninism was proclaimed the new ideology of the state. [45] Among the imperial troops was Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia. In C.F. As land became the prime commodity, its acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially from the reign of Menelik II onwards. [68][69] Under the 1956 constitution Article 56, no one can be simultaneously a member of both chambers, who meet at the beginning or ending of each session. From 1769 to 1855, the Ethiopian empire passed through a period known as the Princes Era (in Amharic: Zemene Mesafint). Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.[46]. Space Monkeys. Italy recognises Ethiopia's independence but retains control over Eritrea. Surely enough, when the British completed their mission and were leaving the country, they rewarded Kassa for his cooperation with artillery, muskets, rifles, and munitions, all in all worth approximately 500,000. 1963 - First conference of the Organisation of African Unity held in Addis Ababa. [13], Punt was a kingdom recently found to encompass the Horn of Africa by the archaeological findings of Egyptian mummified baboons in modern-day Ethiopia. Others argued that she was from the Sultanate of Shewa and a daughter of the king of Lasta, situated in Bugna. [33][34] During the Ifat Sultanate, Muslim relations with the Solomonic dynasty soured. When he was of age, Menelik returned to Israel to see his father, who ordered the son of Zadok to accompany him back to Ethiopia along with a replica of the Ark of the Covenant (Ethiosemitic: tabot). Cover of The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire by Raymond Jonas. [2] The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. Insulted, Italy declared war on Ethiopia in 1895. In 1935 Italian soldiers, commanded by Marshal Emilio De Bono, invaded Ethiopia in what is known as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. . Darge, Haile Melekot's brother, and Ato Bezabih, a Shewan noble, took charge of the young prince, but after a hard fight with Angeda, the Shewans were obliged to capitulate. 1880s2002 by Mohammed Hassen, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series), Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia by Mekuria Bulcha, African Sociological Review, A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 18961898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia by Alemayehu Kumsa, Charles University in Prague, Haberland, "Amharic Manuscript", pp. The Allies managed to drive the Italians out of the country in 1941, and Haile Selassie was returned to the throne from his 5 years exiled in Britain. 1913 - Menelik dies and is succeeded by his grandson, Lij Iyasu. International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Menelik protested, showing that the Amharic version of the treaty said no such thing, but his protests were ignored. The first years of the 19th century were disturbed by fierce campaigns between Ras Gugsa of Begemder, and Ras Wolde Selassie of Tigray, who fought over control of the figurehead Emperor Egwale Seyon. The battle of Adwa: an Ethiopian victory that ran against the current The dynasty was founded by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270. 1962 - Haile Selassie annexes Eritrea, which becomes an Ethiopian province. [127][128] According to local media, up to 500 civilians may have been killed in a massacre in the town of Mai Kadra on 9 November 2020. South African Timeline. AI chatbots 'may soon be more intelligent than us', Russia troop deaths hit 20,000 in five months - US, France May Day protests leave dozens of police injured, 'My wife and six children joined Kenya starvation cult', On board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry. Though there is little evidence supporting Aksumite control of the region at that time, his title, which includes King of Saba and Salhen, Himyar and Dhu-Raydan (all in modern-day Yemen), along with gold Aksumite coins with the inscriptions, "King of the Habshat" or "Habashite", indicate that Aksum might have retained some legal or actual footing in the area.[35]. "Society, State and Nationality in the Recent Historiography of Ethiopia", This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 08:41. Pereira. Much of these improvements were part of a plan to bring half a million Italians to colonize the Ethiopian plateaus. Due to migration and imperial expansion, it grew to include many other primarily Afro-Asiatic -speaking communities, including Amhara, Oromos, Somalis, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw and Harari, among others. [48], Towards the close of the 15th century the Portuguese missions into Ethiopia began. In ancient times, the name Ethiopia was primarily used in reference to the modern-day nation of Sudan which is based in the Upper Nile valley and is located south of Egypt, also called Kush, and then secondarily in reference to Sub-Saharan Africa in general. 241f. Jan 5, 1898. Somalia profile - Timeline - BBC News Solomonic dynasty. [37] In 1559 Gelawdewos was killed attempting to invade Adal Sultanate at the Battle of Fatagar, and his severed head was paraded in Adal's capital Harar. Imperialism Timeline | Timetoast timelines 1987 - Col Mengistu elected president under a new constitution. Abraha later made peace with Kaleb's successor and recognized his suzerainty. It was thus one of the first Christian states. A provisional treaty of peace was concluded at Addis Ababa on October 26, 1896, which acknowledged the independence of Ethiopia. [27], After the conquest of Aksum by Queen Gudit (or Yodit), a period began which some scholars refer to as the Ethiopian Dark Ages. Haile Selassie flees the following year. His successor Afonso Mendes was less tactful, and excited the feelings of the people against him and his fellow Europeans. Deresse Ayenachew, Evolution and Organisation of the wa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p.88, Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood, Boydell & Brewer, p.104), British Military Administration in Eritrea, Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, "Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). The Portuguese brought modern weapons and baroque architecture to Ethiopia, and in 1622 converted the emperor Susenyos I to Catholicism, sparking a civil war which ended in his abdication and expulsion of all Catholics from Ethiopia. One of the Chewa regiments, known as the Abe Lahm in Geez, or the Weregenu, in Oromo, lasted, and participated to the Battle of Adwa, only to be phased out in the 1920s.[56]. Italian troops used mustard gas in aerial bombardments (in violation of the Geneva Conventions) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. When the news of Yohannes's death reached Sahle Maryam of Shewa, he proclaimed himself emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia, and received the submission of Begemder, Gojjam, the Yejju Oromo, and later Tigray.[62]. Ethiopia defeated an Egyptian invasion in 1876 and an Italian invasion in 1896 which killed 17,000 Ethiopians,[4] and came to be recognized as a legitimate state by European powers.
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