With athlete B, however, because their skeleton weighs less, it can be assumed that more of their lean body mass comes from muscle. In addition, he and his wife have a number of children and grandchildren between them. So, if you do plan on cutting water for a meet with same-day weigh-ins, make sure youre no more than 2-3% heavier than the top of your weight class before you begin the water cut. <>/Metadata 1717 0 R/ViewerPreferences 1718 0 R>> Ladnier and his son still train and compete raw to this day. Share this on Facebookandjoin in the conversation, Next:YOUR Drug-Free Muscle and Strength Potential: Part 1 In 2004, Ladnier and his 14-year-old daughter won the WPC Worlds together. Other Federations' Powerlifting Weight Classes Women. Retrieved 2022, from , 4MedlinePlus. The 200-pound men's division is called "200s," and so on. If you have aspirations for high-level powerlifting meets, look closely at the relationship between height and powerlifting weight classes . Raw powerlifting standards are defined as lifters having little to no gear or equipment and are indicated: Different federation, authors and circles categorize and name these classes differently using varying names. , 9SolStock. And while his powerlifting career has been full of ups and downs, his proudest moment wouldnt come until years after that frustrating loss. This comparison is independent of the body mass index (BMI) of these personsthis is an assessment of a persons body fat content that is based on the height and weight and applicable to both sexes.1. , 5440 West Sahara Ave.STE 205, Las Vegas NV. Theres one more thing Id like to point out about drugs before wrapping up. United States. "WhBHD[cLg\3.qh/mJc jPq1G/FZrj`0?/)CB;V@)#M.&,.SM)9/)f1Tr/'oZrY. At age 45, and after a dehydration related health scare and an unfair judging process, Ladnier was already not thrilled with the process. Retrieved 2022, from , 3Wikipedia. Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. In other words, the majority of the lifters will fall in the largest weight deviation from the mean, and in the extremes of the data setbeginners making a smaller percentage and the elite lifters capable of heavier weights making a small number as well. Amazingly, Ladnier has been squatting 800-plus pounds, benching over 500 pounds and deadlifting at least 700 pounds for almost 35 years consecutively. The USPA has 12 weight classes for men, and another 12 for women. But, it wasnt until he was in his 40s that he gave bodybuilding 100 percent. A 450 Wilks will generally be competitive at a national-level meet. Steroids generally allow you to move one or two weight classes abovewhere you could have gotten drug-free. 48/106. If your torso and limbs are 5% longer, ifyou were built exactly like a scaled-up version of the top lifters in your weight class, youd weigh about 15% more than them. And that made him reevaluate if he really wanted to try so hard for a trophy anymore. However, generally speaking, being extremely overweight and carrying a lot of body fat will not help you generate any additional leverage or significantly boost powerlifting performance. Become A Member Events Results Records Memberships Training Centers Coaches Get Social Assuming you can gain 2-3kg of muscle per year, youll be stuck in limbo for about a year and a half or two years while you fill out the 82.5kg class. He went on to complete the squat, though he said it wasnt pretty (actually, it was the most horrendous good morning youve ever seen, Ladnier joked). You canmaybe get away with 20% body fat in some of the heavier classes (105/110kg and above without drugs, 125kg and above with drugs) simply because there arentthat many people who can fill out those weight classes while still being lean. This page is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While body fat is needed to drive many bodily functions, it does not contract or contribute in any way to force development (1). All weigh-ins will be [] Sat 13 May 13 USPA Multi Ply National Championships, Sandy, Utah Your skill as a lifter increases (your total relative to your FFM/cm increases), which simply happens with practice with or without steroids. For information purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Girls were allowed to perform seven reps total and could choose how to split them up. After studying Sport Science at University, Chris established his own Personal Training business where he works with individuals aspiring to improve their mental health through physical activity. And, the 1984 USPF Seniors. I was done. If you were unaware, powerlifting is a sport that categorizes competitors by weight class. Note that each number is the MAXIMUM you can weigh in that class, so for example, 56 and below, 52 and below, etc). For more information about the WRPF, please contact us. Amazingly, Ladnier has been squatting 800-plus pounds, benching over 500 pounds and deadlifting at least 700 pounds for almost 35 years consecutively. Canva, 13 December 2011. In hindsight, I should have put these articles out first to show that the data actually matches the theoretical predictions. Depending on the body, some standards may classify liters based on the amount of time they have been lifting rather than the amount they can lift. World Raw Powerlifting Federation for North and South America. Gwyn is an undersized guard who put up 34 reps on the bench press and earned a very respectable 76.0 pass-blocking grade in 2022. . Be aware that the IPF weight classes differ from all other federations. At this point, Ladnier was in his 40s and working in construction. In order to be the best, you have to train with the best. The female powerlifting weight classes average lifts for deadlifts are higher than any other lift in the powerlifting category with averages being spread over the same classes. For example, the powerlifting category for 120-pound lifters is called "120s.". Here's a quick breakdown of the Chargers' rookie free-agent signings. endobj Although that may be possible in some circumstances (Big Ramy steps on a bodybuilding stage at 175cm and 130kg. Retrieved 2022, from , 5Medicine, N. L. (2019, October 25). Your email address will not be published. Some of my best training, as well as most memorable time, was back when I lived in Ohio, he recalled. Ill give this the same caveat Ive given everything else in this series, though: These are ballpark figures. 60 Kilograms. Assuming the top lifters in your class are already pretty lean, the only way to close that15% gap in weight is tohave less muscle mass. 689599.7 rule. 3 0 obj Shortly after, Ladnier was walking by a local health spa where some of the local powerlifters he had met at the meet trained. To call powerlifting a divided sport may be an understatement: While the sport and its athlete base are growing, and thoughthe IPF is the oldest and most prominent governing body, there are a dozen or more powerlifting federations that sanction and hold meets around the globe. Because huge water cuts are dangerous, and staying alive and outside of a hospital are important if you want to hit a big total. We always did a progressive overload pyramid, and, even though Ive tried other methods over the years, none ever produced as good of results as my original program.. Men: 53 kg (Sub-Junior/Junior. It is not uncommon for powerlifters to carry an excessive amount of body fat. If you can hold your own at 165 (75kg) maybe not win meets, but still be competitive moving up to 181 (82.5kg) where people are lifting a lot more weight seems like a fools errand. Furthermore, if youre trying to fill out a heavier weight class, adding a bunch of fat and a little muscle (obviously) isnt going to make you any more competitive. His passions are making complex information easily understandable for athletes, coaches, and fitness enthusiasts, helping people reach their strength and fitness goals, and drinking great beer. You just dont have much more room for improvement in your current weight class with your current muscle mass. This may mean that you spend a couple of years awkwardly competing as the lightest person in your weight class, but itll be worth it in the end. Stay tuned! Ladnier used to use some basic exercise equipment in the school gym on occasion but didnt get into powerlifting until a neighboring high school held a meet. However, the stuff you buy in bottles at the store has roughly twice as much sugar and salt as it should have for optimal rehydration (because it tastes better that way). Furthermore, hes had the opportunity to work with and learn from numerous record holders, champion athletes, and collegiate and professional strength and conditioning coaches through his previous job as Chief Content Director for Juggernaut Training Systems and current full-time work here on Stronger By Science. Remember the recent article about allometric scaling? I'll also note, these predictions based on the formulas I'm using match Boris Sheiko's weight class recommendations very nicely, which basically split the difference between height prediction for a 450 Wilks and the height prediction for a 500 Wilks: Weight Class (kg/lbs) Height (cm/inches) 60/132. 90 Kilograms. Having too low of a body fat percentage will impact negatively on our ability to lift the most weight possible. (2021, September 16). A lifter may be an advanced lifter in the deadlifts but end up an elite in the powerlifting totals because they may be a better, more balanced, all rounded lifter. The below table highlights the different weight classes for powerlifting. Get in touch: You can use this calculator to see how much your relative strength would improve by getting down to about 12% body fat, assuming you can maintain your current strength. Provitalize Review The Best Probiotic Supplement? The lifts are all raw with little gear used to reflect the stipulations aforementioned. The MHSAA girls powerlifting state championships were held at the Mississippi Coliseum in Jackson on Friday. After that meet, Ladniers daughter told him that she didnt really care for powerlifting, and just did the meet for him. And it might be one that he could still have one day with his son as well, since he recently decided to get back into powerlifting, training with his dad and choosing to train and compete without gear. ISSN 1734-1922. It also takes into account bones, organs, soft tissues, and blood, amongst other things. The first three years we basically just did different variations of the three power lifts and trained in the back of a health spa until we got kicked out and ended up training in a friends garage. PMC 3648822. We serve as a resource for anyone looking to compete at the local, national, or international level and for anyone who wants to improve their lifts for sports performance. Location: Mississippi Coliseum Map: Program: Download Tickets: GoFan $15 Format: Lift Meet Schedule: Thursday, March 30, 2023 12:00 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. - Girls set up platforms & warm up area 6:00 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. - Weigh-in for ALL girls Classes 1A-6A Friday, March 31, 2023 (Girls) 8:00 a.m. Read More Powerlifting Qualifiers Bench press averages for females reflect the lowest numbers since the bench press is an upper body focused workout. When it comes to selecting your weight class, there is only really one main consideration for you to make. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 25 0 R 28 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Hooray for multitasking. Its pretty darn hard to come up with an increase in relative strength large than 10% unless one of two things happen: With or without drugs, getting into the largest weight class you can while staying relatively lean (maximizing fat free mass per unit of height, which scales linearly with your total) should be your goal. Im not so sure hed be 110kg in stage-ready conditions without drugs), it would require much higher-than-normal doses of drugs and a much greater-than-normal response to those drugs. PMID 23671428. Similarly to the males, females also have powerlifting weight classes average lifts that reflect their powerlifting totals inclusive of all 3 compound movements. The averages here also do not . Get some chewing gum and a 1L bottle. The event will be held at. Our organization trains and promotes Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting. PMID 23671428. Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Hes trained hundreds of athletes and regular folks, both online and in-person. You gain more than ~20kg of lean mass as a results of steroid use, above and beyond what you could have gained naturally. However, athlete B will likely outperform athlete A. It was during that time that he came in second at the 1983 IPF Worldsone of his most trying moments in powerlifting. BarBend is the Official Media Partner of USA Weightlifting. If youre cool with that answer and dont really care to understand the reasons behind it, feel free to skip on down to the section about water cuts. I ended up turning it down and decided to attend junior college and train for the men's senior nationals in Dayton, Ohio 1982, I was only eighteen years old.. Therefore, because athlete A is taller, other structures, such as the skeleton, will contribute more significantly to their total lean body mass. Although we dont get to see him compete very often in recent times, it is still clear that Russel Orhii Rudy Kadlub's birthday is a big deal for powerlifting fans all around the world. Joe, I remember working out at the Americana Heath there in Pascagoula when you were just a young boy. The calculations here are pretty straightforward: Take your current total, see how it compares to your current fat free mass per unit of height, add the extra lean mass from steroids, predictthe resultant total (assuming you maintain the same skill as a lifter), and see how the resultant allometric scaling scores compare. Bone Density Scan. The averages here also do not add up from each individual lift. However, if you do water cut, try to limit it to 2-3% of your body weight with a same-day weigh-in, and ~5% of your body weight with a day-before weigh-in. Girls Class 1 State Records Girls 3A State Records Girls 4A State Records Girls 5A , Class 7A School Class Region Desoto Central High School 7 1 Hernando High School 7 , Lake Cormorant wins 2023 MHSAA Class 5A Boys Powerlifting Championship, South Pike wins 2023 MHSAA Class 4A Boys Powerlifting Championship, Union wins 2023 MHSAA Class 3A Powerlifting Championship, Gulfport wins 2023 MHSAA Class 6A Powerlifting Championship, Velma Jackson wins 2023 MHSAA Class 2A Boys Powerlifting Championship, TCPS wins 2023 MHSAA Class 1A Boys Powerlifting Championship, Ocean Springs wins 2023 MHSAA Class 6A Girls Powerlifting Championship, Gautier wins 2023 MHSAA Class 5A Girls Powerlifting Championship, South Pike wins 2023 Class 4A Girls Powerlifting Championship, Kossuth wins MHSAA Class 3A Girls Powerlifting Championship, East Union wins 2023 MHSAA Class I Girls Powerlifting Championship, 2023-25 Reclassification Enrollment Numbers. Accessed 13 April 2023. Selecting Your Weight Class Larry Wheels When it comes to selecting your weight class, there is only really one main consideration for you to make. Also note the difference between absolute and relative performance. Canva, 13 December 2011. He is the first male powerlifter to win an individual state championship at Jim Hill High. The best option is a 50/50 mixture of Gatorade (or any sports drink of your choosing) and water. Hes written for many of the major magazines and websites in the fitness industry, including Mens Health, Mens Fitness, Muscle & Fitness, Bodybuilding.com, T-Nation, and Schwarzenegger.com. Louisiana Tech even offered me a partial football scholarship so that I could lift on their team. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. 38. The rookie class doesn't end with the final selection. Women's (kg/lb): 44/97. Yes, it also entails a lot of time spent getting your ass kicked when youre awkwardly between weight classes. 4 0 obj My general advice about water cuts: Unless youre trying to qualify for a big meet or break a record,dont do it! It was the first USA Weightlifting sanctioned Club in the Mississippi and remains the largest. As of January 1, 2021, USA Powerlifting introduced a new MX division. If our height, rather than our muscle mass, puts us at the top end of our weight class, we wiIl be at a disadvantage compared to shorter and more muscular lifters. For someone looking to compete in powerlifting or simply passionate about powerlifting, use these numbers as a rough estimate to gauge your goals. Encouraged to participate by his coach, Ladnier wasnt even sure what each of the movements were until he was actually at the meet. As we approached her, she started bad mouthing powerlifters, claiming her husband was a world champion wrestler and how much stronger and better he was than any of us. 125kg (some federations use 125+ as the heaviest class). On his third attempt, I jammed a bottle of nose torque up his nose and he smashed 666 breaking Bills record! If strength weresolely based on fat free mass per unit of height, Jesse Norris would be too tall (at 59/175cm) to total 2015lbs/914kg at 198bs/90kg, and Josh Hancott wouldcertainly be too tall (at the same height) to total 1521lbs/690kg at 163lbs/74kg. 28 Sport Baseball Final Riverside Bulldogs 6 Baldwyn Bearcats 8 Baseball Final Amory Panthers 16 Rosa Fort Lions 0 Baseball Final Hickory Flat Rebels 10 Jumpertown Cardinals 1 Baseball Final Southaven Chargers 0 Madison Central Jaguars 11 Baseball Final West Marion Trojans 10 In addition, Nathan lives with several injuries such as hip impingement, spondylolisthesis, and scoliosis, so he underwent self-rehabilitation and no longer lives with debilitating pain. In powerlifting, weight classes average lifts and associates strength standards reflect the one-rep max lifts (1RM)which is the most widely used standard for measuring muscle strength and represents the maximum weight that can be lifted in one rep.2. Nathan has been a fitness enthusiast for the past 12 years and jumps between several types of training such as bodybuilding, powerlifting, cycling, gymnastics, and backcountry hiking. Although still muscular, athlete A is not likely to be the most muscular individual in their class which puts them at a disadvantage. Their weight range is between 104 lbs. And with his family by his side, hes not planning on stopping anytime soon. Even if you need to move up a weight class, if you have fat you need to lose, youre probably better off cutting first before bulking. BRUCE, Miss. During this period (in his early 20s), he took the opportunity to try out bodybuilding as well. This table provides data for each body weight and the corresponding class that remains the standard for male deadlifts. Consequently, the muscles will be capable of generating more power thus boosting performance further. Consequently, you may conclude that they will have similar performance. Based on their physical attributes and the weight classes that the athletes fall in, athlete B is likely to be more competitive than athlete A. Athlete B is likely to have the most muscle in his weight class which evidently improves their chances of being competitive. However, a 450 Wilks should be perfectly attainable for most people. In fact, the announcement of Mr. One is to optimize athletic abilities and the other is to manage your weight. There have been victories, defeats, world records, injuries, and countless memories that have helped to shape the person he is today. The best weight class will generally be the biggest weight class you can fill out while still being fairly lean. Due to the varying caloric needs of numerous sports, he has cycled between all types of diets and currently eats a whole food diet. For a meet with same-day weigh-ins, you shouldnt cut very much water weight. Email us: info[at]barbend.com, How To Watch the 2023 EPF European Equipped Powerlifting Championships, Powerlifter Rudy Kadlub Deadlifts 524 Pounds Raw for His 74th Birthday, Romina Basualdo Wins 2023 Grl Pwr Championships Bikini Division Show, Bodybuilding Legend Robby Robinson Looks Shredded at 76 Years Old, Best Pre-Workout Supplements For Muscle Gain, Weight Loss, And More, Athletic Greens Review Price, Flavor and Nutrition Breakdown, The Best Creatine Supplements for Bulking, Mixing, and More, The Best Barbells For All-Around Training, Weightlifting, Powerlifting, Deadlifts, and More, Best Home Gyms For the Money, Bodybuilding, and More. Age. Accessed 13 April 2023. But he wanted a way out. But since Hatfield was a quarter pound lighter than Ladnier, he ended up getting second place. If youve been stuck around the same total for the past couple of years while youre trying your hardest to keep your weight down to be within cutting range of your trusty old comfortable weight class, theres probably a reason your competition numbers arent improving much. Some believe that the bigger you are, the better you will perform in competition. When it comes to powerlifting, reducing the range of motion may allow you to lift heavier loads. Dr. Squat: Fred Hatfields Journey Through the 1000-Pound Barrier, Free Shipping with a $69 qualifying order. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Class LyNiah Smith Oxford 580 114 lb. I had already been working on these models when I wrote that article. The return to the original weight classes and the new additions will be instated on Jan. 1 . Incredibly, he then took it again and absolutely smoked it. His daughter won in the morning, setting six world records in the process. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. A few minutes later, Ric Flair walked up and just laughing about the entire incident., Ladnier also shared another interesting moment from the Hawaii meet: I was handing off to Ted when he was attempting to break Bill Kazmaiers raw bench record (661) with a 666 attempt. doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.33181. But rest assured, itll pay off long-term. WEIGHT CLASSES: 97,105 114, 123, 132, 148, 165, 181, 198, 220, 242, 242+ ENTRY FORMS: Mail entry forms as soon as possible. ISSN 0029-6643. Here's what that looks like in practice. Can you do it? I was about 162 pounds at the time and I had never been around free weights at all. There are four popular methods, two of which are stupid. The views expressed on this site may come from individual contributors and do not necessarily reflect the view of BarBend or any other organization. However, our reviews are based on well research backed analysis. Effect of Germanium-Embedded Knee Sleeve on Osteoarthritis of the Knee. But he also had many wins during that time period. Scroll to the National event and Weight Class for your Qualifying Total NOTE: A National Meet Qualifying Total must be achieved in a USA Powerlifting-sanctioned meet on or after January 1 of the year before the year in which the National Meet is being held and before the entry deadline for the meet. The same principle still applies get into the biggest weight class you can while staying relatively lean but the biggest weight class you can will just be bigger. 2 Murray, Bob; Rosenbloom, Christine (2018-4). News Sports Opinion Magnolia Mississippi State Ole . Powerlifting weight classes average lifts contained in the tables below are broken down by the body weight that corresponds with the class. While the previous case study was straightforward, case two is a little more challenging. RECENT:Dr. Squat: Fred Hatfields Journey Through the 1000-Pound Barrier, Ladnier got started in powerlifting largely by accident. Because of their size, it is possible that the range of motion will become more restricted. I was the MS State champion weightlifter and MS State . He added, I started running track and playing baseball, did a little gymnastics and played football in high school. For Joe Ladnier, the world of powerlifting has been comprised of many highs and many lows. He had two deadlifts left and on the advice of his trainers, he went for a 744 pull. % Powerlifting strength standards and weight classes are outlined below: The numbers denoting the weights and range that each class lifts based on weight is derived using the 689599.7 rule which is also referred to as the empirical rule. This data, alongside the powerlifting weight class trick of figuring out what your true lean body mass is by getting a DEXA scan (originally done for bone density, but also one of the most accurate ways to determine lean body mass) done, will allow lifters to be fully maxed based on their muscle mass. Lets just consider the basic physics of this situation. Canva, 13 December 2011. Powerlifting weight classes "level the playing field" and keep competitions fair and reasonable. Powerlifting strength standards and weight classes are derived largely from U.S and Canadian federationsthey include USA Powerlifting (USAPL), Natural Athlete Strength Association (NASA), American Drug-Free Powerlifting Federation (ADFPF), 100% raw and United Powerlifting Association (UPA). The last article in this series a more objective way to view strength standards based on the formulas from the past few articles will be coming out later this week. Powerlifting - Mississippi High School Activities Association Date Apr. Two divisions of women compete: 105 pounds and over. 1Services, U. D. (2022). 100+ Kilograms. Powerlifting has seen the inclusion of women in greater numbers than before and as a result data has been gathered and assessed on what their lifting averages are in the 3 compound movements. WATCH: Table Talk Should Elite Totals Be Updated? As highlighted in the table, athlete B has a greater amount of lean body mass than athlete A. All right reserved. Mass-related factorsincrease proportionally to length3. Read more. In general, 2 years is a good rule of thumb for federations with same-day weigh-ins, and 1 year is a good rule of thumb for federations with day-before weigh-ins. Its often met with some push-back. 1. Powerlifting strength standards can however provide a guide post and indication on how much should you be able to lift for your weight. In practice,heres how you find your best weight class: This approach is about maximizing competitiveness in the long run. You can do this as youre sitting in a sauna or hot tub as well. At that moment, Ted picked her up (while she was still sitting in her chair) and threw her in the pool. Glycogen is the stored form of glucose which is the substance that the body uses for energy. You wont catch them. When you reach the point that youre finding it incredibly hard to add more muscle to your frame: Congratulations, youve foundthe best weight class for you. Read all about it here: https://college.issaonline.edu/frederick-c-hatfield-memorial-scholarship/. Are some of those people still able to perform well after huge water cuts? Though theres some conflicting literature, its generally agreed uponthat losing more than 2-3% of your body weight in water will negatively impact performance. If you dont know your body fat percentage, you can use the calculator below if youre a man, or this one if youre a woman. The table below is a compilation of the data that displays the standard lift weight for the different classes. The below table highlights the different weight classes for powerlifting. There are eight weight classes for men, ranging from 105 pounds to over 300 pounds. Hes held 3 all-time world records in powerlifting in the 220 and 242 classes. Once youve lost the water weight, you need to gain it back as quickly as possible. However, if that answer doesnt sit well with you, Im not incredibly surprised. You can use the calculator below to see for yourself. But it was still a memory that he wont ever forget. Canva, 13 December 2011. PMC 6019055. In addition, being in an overfed state in combination with strength training will lead to an increase in muscle size (3). If youre 5% larger overall, that also means your bones and muscles will be 5% longer, and that extra length isnt weightless. These are just rough estimates. <> These models predicted an ~10% boost in relative strength from steroid use, which, admittedly, surprised me as well (I expected a larger difference, too). He also experienced a major injury, tearing his right patella tendon during a training session, which halted his powerlifting career for quite some time. So I said, I dont know, coach, whats a squat?. Average Female Powerlifting Totals. %PDF-1.7 Be aware that the IPF weight classes differ from all other federations. With drugs, you can get into a higher weight class at the same height, meaning your fat free mass per unit height will be higher, and youll be able to lift more, both in absoluteandrelative terms. Just make sure you dont need to cut more than 2-3kg of water with same-day weigh-ins. 2 0 obj Sure. However, powerlifters should maintain a fairly lean physique in order to maximize performance. The basic takeaway is this: If youre above 180cm (about 510) you likely need to be. Strength and Physique Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Master List, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Increased Satellite Cell Number is Associated With Higher Responders to Resistance Training in Young, Untrained Women, Specificity: Conceptually Simple, but Deceptively Complex.
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