The fierce sons of these northern lands dominated the sea routes of northern Europe for centuries and singlehandedly changed the course of many a nation's history. Scandinavia was never really one country, but in one periode there was a Scandinavian union of Norway, Denmark and Sweden called the Kalmar union, 1397 -1523. Contemporary primary sources from 9th11th century Germany, such as the accounts of Adam of Bremen and Rimbert, contradict the line of Muns kings purported to have existed by the sagas. The Swedish king rejected the premise of an independent Norway and launched a military campaign on 27 July 1814, with an attack on the Hvaler islands and the city of Fredrikstad. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. Norway was treated much more harshly throughout their occupation. Approximately 200 burial sites have been investigated in the region from this period of 3,000 years.[2]. Ahead of the coronation, Buckingham Palace has unveiled new portraits of King Charles III and Queen Camilla in the Blue Drawing Room at the royal residence . His position as the father of Njrr should not be seen as certain. [17], If some of the Ynglings were real historical figures, they would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375550) and the subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550790), predating the Viking Age. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P. His reign saw an extended period of internal peace, although state finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration. Several other wars with Poland, Denmark-Norway, and German countries enabled further Swedish expansion, although there were some setbacks such as the Kalmar War. Calling their landing place Vinland (Wine-land), they built a temporary settlement at LAnse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland. A thousand years later, the numerous East Germanic tribes that claimed Scandinavian origins (Burgundians, Goths and Heruls), as did the Lombards, rendered Scandinavia (Scandza) the name "womb of nations" in Jordanes' Getica. Labor unions could only exist if they accepted Nazi control. It is characterized by common ethno-cultural heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages. During this time there was Scandinavian influence in Eastern Europe. In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern Norway caused by the climate change in the Jotunheimen Mountains. [6], The legendary kings of Sweden, as presented in the sagas, covers three legendary dynasties of rulers; the Yngling dynasty, claimed to have been descended from the Norse god Odin, the dynasty founded by Ivar Vidfamne, who conquered Sweden and deposed the Ynglings, and the House of Muns, which succeeded Vidfamne's dynasty. The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe established Uraniborg, one of Europe's finest research centers, in the late 1570s. hgin, Dith. Rollo, also called Rolf or Rou, French Rollon, Old Norse Hrlfr, (born c. 860died c. 932), Scandinavian rover who founded the duchy of Normandy. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/, "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages", "Kungalngder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornislndska kllor om Sveriges historia", "De ldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan", "Kings and Queens of Sweden A thousand year succession", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden&oldid=1135221997, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 10:58. The bombardment of Copenhagen led to an alliance with France and outright war with Britain, whose navy blockaded Denmark-Norway and severely impeded communication between the two kingdoms and caused a famine in Norway. [19] She bore him a son and a daughter: Emund the Old, King of Sweden, and Astrid, Queen of Norway. The earlier kings are for the most part only attested in Icelandic sagas, sometimes contradictory mixtures of myths and poetry, written in the 11th13th centuries, several centuries after the events described in them. History of Scandinavia - Wikipedia During the 6th millennium BC, southern Scandinavia was covered in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. [14][15][16] In the Middle Ages, a significant amount of ware was transferred from Slavic areas to Scandinavia, and Denmark was "a melting pot of Slavic and Scandinavian elements". These Pitted Ware tribes halted the advance of the farmers and pushed them south into southwestern Sweden, but some say that the farmers were not killed or chased away, but that they voluntarily joined the Pitted Ware culture and became part of them. The nations reacted quite differently. Swedish Vikings: A Guide To Viking Age Swedes & Their Journeys One million came from Sweden, 300,000 from Denmark, and 730,000 from Norway. [18], The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. In the ninth century, Scandinavians (mainly Norwegians) began to colonize Iceland, an island in the North Atlantic where no one had yet settled in large numbers. Something went wrong. ", Erik Thomson, "Beyond the Military State: Sweden's Great Power Period in Recent Historiography,". The Ynglinga saga was composed by Sturluson c. 1230 and details the reigns and lives of the kings of the Yngling dynasty (Swedish: Ynglingar), a legendary line of kings said to descend from the Norse god Odin. Ingrid Henriksen and Niels Krgrd. Aud Haakonsdottir of Lade. While many Germanic tribes sustained continued contact with the culture and military presence of the Roman Empire, much of Scandinavia existed on the most extreme periphery of the Latin world. Leif Erikson is the man credited with discovering the region, but according to stories it was Bjarni Herjolfsson who first discovered the land, having been blown off course from a journey to Greenland. Try again Opposition parties were eliminated and Nasjonal Samling ("National Unity"), the Norwegian fascist political party, appointed all government officials. A brief Swedish civil war ensued in 1066 primarily reflecting the divisions between practitioners of indigenous religions and advocates of Christianity; by the mid-twelfth century, the Christian faction appeared to have triumphed; the once resistant center of Uppsala became the seat of the Swedish Archbishop in 1164. However, The Kalmar War ended with a minor Danish victory and not the total defeat of the Swedes. Photo: Hugo Burnand. Many were buried without burning, but the burning tradition later regained its popularity. For instance, the figure of Aun, described as being driven from Uppsala and taking up court in Vstergtland instead, is similar to the historical Swedish king Inge the Elder (r.c. 10791084, 10871105), who was driven from Uppsala into Vstergtland in the 11th century. They granted the Jews that escaped from Denmark asylum and gave notable aid to Finland during the Winter War. From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. The Kalmar War in 16111613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (Christian IV) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. A Carolingian mission (c. 820) was welcomed by King Bjorn of Sweden. Though only a few examples survive, medieval Swedish lists of kings overwhelmingly begin with Olof Sktkonung, the first Christian king of Sweden, suggesting that he, and not any of the previous legendary figures, was seen as Sweden's first king. Both parliaments revoked the Act of Union 16 October, and the deposed king Oscar II of Sweden renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognized Norway as an independent kingdom on 26 October. In Icelandic sources, such as the 12th/13th-century Langfegatal, Olof Sktkonung is regarded as a late ruler of a significantly older dynasty, stretching back to legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lodbrok. During the last centuries, influences from the Central European La Tne culture spread to Scandinavia from northwestern Germany, and there are finds from this period from all the provinces of southern Scandinavia. Armistice negotiations concluded on 14 August 1814. The first Christian missionary was the Anglo-Saxon Willibord (c. 700), who accomplished little. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests. Understanding Danish Vikings. In the Viking Age and later, Danish rulers repeatedly attempted to conquer Norway and through inventing a lineage that stretched back centuries, the Norwegian rulers may have attempted to demonstrate their inherent right to their lands and to put themselves on the same level as the Danes, who had historical accounts of their ancestors. Scandinavia - New World Encyclopedia Norway, which was in union with Sweden entered the union two years later, in 1875 by pegging its currency to gold at the same level as Denmark and Sweden (.403grams [2]). The age of settlement began around 800 AD[citation needed] . BBC - History - Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066 [13] The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. April 28, 2023. Mycenaean Greece, the Villanovan Culture, Phoenicia and Ancient Egypt have all been identified as possible sources of influence in Scandinavian artwork from this period. Vikings in Denmark: History, Raids, Fate - Scandinavia Facts [11] As a historical source, the Ynglinga saga is much better used as a source on historiography and society during Sturluson's own time than as a source on Sweden's early history. Sweden required a little more time to transition to Christianity, with indigenous religious practices commonly held in localized communities well until the end of the eleventh century. There are also numerous artifacts of bronze and gold. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden, but Denmark retained the Norwegian Atlantic possessions of the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. For all these reasons, Denmark was able to retain their parliament, king, and much of their normal domestic function. [12] These hunters and gatherers of the late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic were named Komsa by the researchers as what they identified themselves as is unknown. In the 7th millennium BC, when the reindeer and their hunters had moved for northern Scandinavia, forests had been established in the land. For the first time in 900 years, kings and queens from around the world are going to a British coronation. "The Scandinavian currency union 18751914." By conquering rival jarls (earls) and forcing them into subservient positions, he created the precedent of one ruler for the many districts of Norway. The adoption of Christianity is believed to have aided in the absorption of Viking communities into the greater religious and cultural framework of the European continent. The countries had given up their sovereignty but not their independence, and diverging interests (especially Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish and Holsteinish dominance) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper it from the 1430s until its final dissolution in 1523.[24]. The Western allies sent military assistance, but the campaign was not effectively run. Heather, the chair of medieval history at King's College London, is the author of Christendom: The Triumph of Religion, AD 300-1300 When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric, followed by Halsten, Anund Grdske and then Hkan the Red. In Denmark industrialization began in, and was confined to, Copenhagen until the 1890s, after which smaller towns began to grow rapidly. In 911, the West Frankish king granted Rouen and the surrounding territory by treaty to a Viking chief called Rollo in exchange for the latters denying passage to the Seine to other raiders. This came about partially because of the domination of the social-democrats in Sweden and Denmark, and the Labour party in Norway. In the peace negotiations, Christian Frederik agreed to relinquish claims to the Norwegian crown and return to Denmark if Sweden would accept the democratic Norwegian constitution and a loose personal union. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. [4] The earliest legendary dynasty, the Ynglings, may be an entirely invented sequence of kings, serving to justify and legitimize the later dynasties and rulers in Scandinavia who claimed descent from them. BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Viking Religion In 1976 King Carl Gustaf married the German-Brazilian Silvia . . The Vikings' rule would eventually come to encompass the majority of Scandinavia, and they would participate in massive amounts of trading and exploration, which helped build connective routes around the world.Denmark, and the rest of Scandinavia, was Christianized by the 11th century, though missionaries were present long before that. These seafaring warriorsknown collectively as Vikings or Norsemen (Northmen)began by raiding coastal sites, especially undefended monasteries, in the British Isles. witosawa 3. Baron Karl Otto Mrner, an obscure member of the Diet, was the one who initially extended the offer of the Swedish crown to the young soldier. Besides, he was a monarch in 970. Norway remains outside the European Union to this day after referendums on membership in 1972 and 1994, although it is a signatory of the Schengen treaty and a member of the European Economic Area. The name Viking came from the Scandinavians themselves, from the Old Norse word "vik" (bay or creek) which formed the root of "vikingr" (pirate). The Norwegian parliament offered the vacant throne to Prince Carl of Denmark, who accepted after another plebiscite had confirmed the monarchy. Bronze continued to be used during the whole period but was mostly used for decoration. Beowulf was connected to King Cnut, study finds Coastal areas were ice-free several times between 75 000 and 30 000 years B.P. Beyond that, there is little evidence of Viking presence in the New World, and they didnt form permanent settlements. A relatively large number of ethnic Danes from southern Jutland fought in the German army.[32][33]. Constitutional Monarchs: The Royal Families of Scandinavia By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking culture was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe. According to later Scandinavian sagas, Rollo, making himself independent of King Harald I of Norway, sailed off to raid Scotland, England, Flanders, and France on pirating expeditions. This made it a primary target, with Denmark a secondary goal mainly needed for facilitating the Norwegian invasion. Coastal areas were ice-free several times between 75 000 and 30 000 years B.P. Britain believed Germany was planning to invade and made counter plans for its own invasion. The Vikings' Conversion to Christianity - Norse Mythology for Smart Little evidence remains in Scandinavia of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, or the Iron Age except limited numbers of tools created from stone, bronze, and iron, some jewelry and ornaments, and stone burial cairns. Sweyn's son Cnut (also known as Canute) became king of England. These repressive measures ensured that the cooperation was small. Denmark was the most easily transformed, as the Viking raids slowly introduced the religion through the Christian wives and slaves brought back as war prizes. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products. [8] Historical evidence of early geopolitics in Scandinavia suggests that larger political structures, kingdoms such as medieval Sweden, Norway and Denmark, did not form until the late Viking Age. The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. [9], The sequence of kings presented below is given by the Hervarar saga, a saga written in the 12th or 13th century. The war did have a significant impact on the economy of the area, primarily as a result of the British blockade of Germany. Vikings founded Kievan Rus in the mid-9th century, but Scandanavian settlements in Eastern Europe actually date back to at least A.D. 750. At least one settlement appears to be mixed, the Alvastra pile-dwelling. Crowned king of England on Christmas Day in 1066, William managed to retain the crown against further Danish challenges. When King Charles the Bald began defending West Frankia more energetically in 862, fortifying towns, abbeys, rivers and coastal areas, Viking forces began to concentrate more on England than Frankia. Rollo - Wikipedia These two tribes, the Cimbri and the Teutons, initially inflicted the heaviest losses that Rome had suffered since the Second Punic War. They successfully cultivated peace with the Germans, supplying them with needed raw materials. The first King of Norway was King Harald Fairhair. In addition to the short genealogical account of Langfegatal, Ragnar Lodbrok's royal dynasty is also presented in a more narrative form in the aforementioned Hervarar saga, also written in the 12th or 13th century.[20]. By the late 10th century, some Vikings (including the famous Erik the Red) moved even further westward, to Greenland. This region of northern France is now known as Normandy, or land of the Northmen.. They also desired Norway for its ice-free ports. In 113101 BC two Germanic tribes originating from Jutland,[4] in modern-day Denmark, attacked the Roman Republic in what is today known as the Cimbrian War.
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