1 gram of antimatter explosion radius

A positron powered spaceship would be simpler, and less dangerous than say a nuclear powered spaceship which comes with a lot more complications. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. With ANFO or ammonium nitrate, they would require 1.0/0.74 (or 1.35) kg or 1.0/0.32 (or 3.125) kg, respectively. Mathematically, the ratio of the weight of the explosives (W and W) is proportional to the ratio of the cube of range (R and R), i.e. Wonder What's Next? The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The resulting temperatures would be "well beyond the upper limit for life and the surface of the Earth would have been baked free of living microbes." Antimatter weapons would be the most destructive and powerful in human history, so why dont they exist? It doesn't sound like it should be real, but "it does exist", says Professor Doser,a physicist who studies the properties of antimatterat CERN,the European Council for Nuclear Research. If the number of Short Tons is larger than 300, you should submit USGS form 9-4040-A. How does that last equation (rolled back for the time being; see revision history) work out? There is such a thing as an antimatter trap. Antimatter: how the worlds most expensive and explosive substance is made, Catch up with The Loop, your quick wrap of this morning's news. Unravelling this cosmic conundrum is what the researchers at CERN's Antimatter Factory are trying to do. 1 gram of antimatter costs $62.5 trillion according to NASA. "Perhaps, just under four billion years ago, the Earth could have been hit by asteroids up to 400 kilometers across, forty times bigger than the one that is supposed to have been responsible for the K/T extinctions. And so do we! You have to give Big Bang scientists credit for their tenacity. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? If antimatter makes contact with air it will cause an explosion. All I've ever read is science fiction, and they seem to be wildly wildly different in how dangerous Antimatter actually is. [4], Alternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. (Note that this is not creation out of nothing, but rather the conversion of pre-existing energy into matter.) 1 kg of antimatter = 53 megaton yield, 4000 kg antimatter = 212 billion ton TNT, $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Remove a chunk from a planet? Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003: 88. The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8 10 17 J (180 petajoules) of energy (by the mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc 2), or the rough equivalent of 43 megatons of TNT - slightly less than the yield of the 27,000 kg Tsar Bomba, the largest thermonuclear weapon ever detonated. Big Bang scientists have long claimed that some unknown physics somehow allowed a slightly greater amount of primordial normal matter to be produced, and this leftover normal matter eventually became the material stuff of the universe. Antimatter is one of the costliest materials in the world. NASA - New and Improved Antimatter Spaceship for Mars Missions A typical blast wave has a high-pressure jump, which denotes the wavefront. For a 10 km dinosaur killer asteroid, 1 kg of antimatter should be sufficient retarget the asteroid -- actually quite a bit less would actually be needed because there are quite a few near earth objects that would need only a tiny orbital deflection to serve the purpose, the largest of these earth crossers, 1866 Sysyphusone of these objects happens to fit the bill as it is probably over 8 km diameter (close enough for our imagination) and currently scheduled to pass about 17 million km from the earth on Nov 24, 2071. There are many ways to calculate "TNT equivalence" and the term is often misused because the property in question and basis for the equivalence are not defined. The shock wave is usually spherical or hemispherical in shape. Limitations of the TNT equivalent method), "Appendix B8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically", "Tons Of Tnt to Calories | Kyle's Converter", "Convert tons of TNT to joules | energy conversion", "Convert tons of TNT to BTU - British Thermal Unit | energy conversion", "Convert tons of TNT to foot pounds | energy conversion", "Tons Of Tnt to Kilowatt-hours | Kyle's Converter", "The Energy in Wildfires: The Western United States", "Local media: Blast at Cairo cathedral kills at least 25", "How do Thunderstorms and Lightning Work? Professor Doser actually thinks matter might be the evil half of this equation, with antimatter being the "good guy". Indeed this is a polar-explosion (1 gamma to one side and the other to opposite side). Supposing we had many thousands of antimatter bombs (they can be detonated in many different locations), how much total antimatter would we need in order to wipe out all humans on Earth? Upon an explosive detonation, a shock wave originates and compresses the air, causing an abrupt increase in pressure. TNT Calculator - IME In order to reach the core we would have to send it 4,000 miles down. If you really need to do this on the cheap, a 400 km asteroid is really quite a bit of overkill and a 100 km asteroid is probably enough to kill all animal life big enough to be interesting to most people although it may not completely sterilize the earth, and your only need 1 metric ton to target earth. Both antimatter and matter were created after the big bang, and the universe should be made up of 50% matter, and 50% antimatter. This is becoming more and more obvious as time goes by. Scale that over the entire planet and you get 2.9 kg of antielectrons. i got the conversion completely wrong because i got the energy output in joules, thought i was in megatons of TNT, then converted back to joules which is why i was so far off, Putting grams of antimatter in the atmosphere, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/69440/, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/74019/, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. This worksheet is primarily designed to assist mining companies in determining if they should submit form 9-4040-A to the U.S. Geological Survey. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? Matter-antimatter annihilation from a hypothetical macroscopic explosion would produce the same particles as proton-antiproton annihilation in microscopic quantities in accelerator experiments. Now, if we were sloppy, we would just pepper the land area of $148,300,000 km^2$, so about 1,236 MIEVs (Multiple Independently Targetable Entry Vehicles) with 100 2kg warheads each would do. This bomb was only 50 megatons. You can crash 10km sized asteroids into it, and there'll still be some survivors to whine about the injustice of it all. Why 1.810 14 joules? 1 megaton is about 4.2x10 15 J. This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. Would matter-antimatter annihilation create a fireball or not? Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? But antimatter is incredibly scarce, and scientists still dont know why. >$10^{15}kg$, it's not exactly rocket science. However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). That's5 thousand trillion euros. What does 'They're at four. Calculating a single RE factor for an explosive is, however, impossible. If the Big Bang led to equal parts matter and antimatter forming, these probably would have then bumped into each other, obliterated one another, and then presumably exploded again. This is one of the more common types of "TNT equivalence" and is the one used on USGS form 9-4040A. The universe began to cool and then expand. Crash it into an iridium block. The first is that the technology developed in CERN's Antimatter Factory has been appliedin medical imaging tools calledPET scanners. Such that: You can calculate the blast radius or stand-off distance using the Hopkinson-Cranz scaling law. But this result isnt bizarre at allits simply a confirmation of earlier, but less precise, measurements of the antiprotons magnetic moment. For that you can recreate the meteor that made the dinosaurs extinct (100 trillion tons of TNT) with about two tons of antimatter in one spot. (considering low energy state) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93positron_annihilation Share Cite Improve this answer For Starship, using B9 and later, how will separation work if the Hydrualic Power Units are no longer needed for the TVC System? Safety, Health & Environmental Affairs Committee, Transportation, Distribution & Security Committee. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of data. In other words, antimatter planets, antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies could be a thing. Squared it is 89,875,517,900,000,000 or about 9.010 16. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of explosions. Both humans and bananas only produce a tiny amount of antimatter, which is why we havent all been destroyed. The term "TNT equivalence" is a normalization technique for equating properties of an explosive to TNT, the standard. "It would take us 10 billion years to assemble enough anti-stuff to make the bomb Dan Brown talks . Collisions between these photons would have resulted in the production of particlesparticles which would eventually become stars, galaxies, and people. And if you're concerned that this work doesn't warrant fooling around with such a violently explosive anti-substance, Professor Doser says there's no need to worry. The storage rings on the spacecraft will hold the antimatter. The energy output that would be released by a typical, The approximate radiated surface energy released in a magnitude 8, The complete conversion of 1kg of matter into pure energy would yield. and our The energy contained in one megaton of TNT (4.2PJ) is enough to power the average American household for 103,000 years. [5][6][7][8], Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation. The worlds most powerful nuke ever created was the Tsar Bomba. The word "antimatter" is not even mentioned anywhere in your question. Those made at CERN amount to about 1 nanogram. The time of interaction is very short. The best chemical rockets, like NASA's Space Shuttle main engine, max out at around 450 seconds, which means a pound of fuel will produce a pound of thrust for 450 seconds. You can maybe kill everyone with less antimatter if you settled for giving everyone cancer instead. Ubuntu won't accept my choice of password. Then her family intervened, Celebrities arrive at the Met Gala for fashion's biggest night, A year ago, this Australian couple fled Ukraine with their three cats. "If we don't find a difference between matter and antimatter, then that's going to be the only remaining explanation," Professor Doser says. Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2 the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4 higher for one type of metal and 7 higher for another type of metal. The asteroid belt just happens to contain a 400 km asteroid built to order, 10 Hygiea Plugging in the numbers (assuming a 17 km/sec impact) you get somewhat more than 1E28 joules, a rather significant savings compared the the gravitational potential of the earth, but still a lot of antimatter just to destroy it with a single bomb, roughly 6E10 kg of antimatter. Often, the responses are droll ones such as love, cocaine, cash money, computer ink, or even sex. Or would it be more like a conventional ~50kg artillery shell? All of the antiprotons created at Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator add up to only 15 nanograms. WAY too much. Today, it takes nearly a year for an unmanned spacecraft to reach Mars. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. How much energy would be released in a collision of planets of matter & antimatter? The antimatter we produce collides with matter and gets annihilated without us even noticing. 1212 New York Ave., NW, Suite 650 Washington, DC 20005 | Phone: 202-429-9280 | Email: info@ime.org. While I can't provide any numbers to back this up, I have a feeling the answers to Part 2 and Part 3 are going to be the same. Take a proton (a charged subatomic particle) 2. Though one of the answer does say that we would need 1.3 trillion tonnes of antimatter to blow up the Earth. So each 2 kg antimatter bomb (as it annihilates with 1kg ordinary matter) would have a blast similar to the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated in the puny humans' history. For safety purposes a range as wide as 26736702J has been stated for a gram of TNT upon explosion. How to force Unity Editor/TestRunner to run at full speed when in background? It's not them. Would it just be a stupidly bright flash? MathJax reference. On the subatomic level, this energy is manageable, but if one were to combine a gram of antimatter with a gram of matter, the result is an energy release comparable to the atomic explosion at . Here they create and capture this bizarre anti-stuff. By Snell's law, determine the incident angle by using our angle of incidence calculator. Check your math. This gives us an energy of around 3.6x10 23 J. 1 gram of TNT = 2930.76 joules. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. He says an alternative hypothesis is that we're living in a part of the Universe filled with matter but other parts might be full of antimatter. There are many hypothetical antimatter weapons, the most well known of which is the antimatter bomb. Comparing with nuclear weapons, this is about 50 kton TNT. Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle. It actually produces one about every one hour and fifteen minutes. "We make such minute quantities that even if you were to destroy all the antimatter that we're making in the course of a year, it wouldn't be even enough to boil a cup of tea.". But to understand the properties of this mysterious anti-stuff, apparently anti-electrons won't cut it. ", "Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00", "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Energy and Broadband Solution: OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA", Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields, Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, "Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements", "The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Minimize Harm and Security Risks of Nuclear Energy", "Hurricane FAQ NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory", "Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption? Surely you remember Einstein's famous E = Mc2. Bananas are made out of potassium-40 which produces positrons as it decays. At the moment of the Big Bang, all the energy of the Universe was concentrated and exploded. There is no antimatter left in the Universe from the Big Bangthat we're aware of, he says. Well, in theory if you mix one gram of matter with one gram of antimatter you should get 1.810 14 joules of energy or about 43 kilotons. The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a, The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a cross-sectional surface area of, 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Haapai volcanic eruption, total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat, "Tons (Explosives) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator", "Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator", Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8. This means that even if a supposed Big Bang could somehow create a universe, that universe would forever remain devoid of matter, unlike the actual universe in which we live. If you want to kill all humans on earth, you have a couple of options: According to this person 57 trillion annihilations at 30 cm gives you 1 rad of radiation. achieving the specified result. Can we add matter and antimatter to the universe? But other than this probably being impossible, it may just start the race for the antimatter bomb. So far, all the antimatter created in all the particle accelerators on Earth wouldn't be enough to boil a cup of water. 1 gram of antimatter costs $62.5 trillion according to NASA. $361,000,000 km^2$ to cover, you'd need another 3,009 MIEVs. There's no way $10^{32} / 10^{17} = 10^{27}$, much less $10^{32} \times 10^{17} = 10^{27}$, no matter where you place any 1.72 multiplicative factor. Find out more about shock waves in our oblique shock calculator and Prandtl Meyer expansion calculator. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4686J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4853J/g. Get all the latest science stories from across the ABC. Air Force Researching Antimatter Weapons - Slashdot 3.5 nanograms of antimatter would equal the amount of explosive in an average hand grenade with about an effective 15m blast/shrapnel radius. The ablative engine, which slowly vaporizes itself to produce thrust, could go as high as 5,000 seconds. Or a kilogram? You could probably reduce your targets from 7 B to a few dozen by targeting, say, the leaders of a few large nations or the microprocessors in their early-warning systems, and let the ensuing nuclear strikes and counter-strikes do the rest. Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? And yet, there is very little antimatter in the universeso its been a known problem for many years. Frank Close, a particle physicist at the University of Oxford, points out the time problem, too. Collisions between high-energy photons can result in a pair of matter/antimatter particles. Right now, antimatter - with a price tag of about $62.5 trillion per gram - is the most expensive substance on the Earth. As of now an antimatter bomb, large enough to cause any damage, wont be made because its just so expensive to make. Given that 1 ton is equal to 2240 pounds or 1016.046909 kg we should be able to scale up the explosive yield simply. Using PETN, engineers would need 1.0/1.66 (or 0.60) kg to obtain the same effects as 1kg of TNT. Unfortunately that is rather slow, so a few humans will likely survive in bunkers you don't know about, for quite a long time. But, taking the statement as accurate (and the source appears to be of generally high quality to me). $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. (On a much bigger scale to be sure -- it's not a good thing to have around the neighborhood.). What Is Antimatter? | Wonderopolis Its easy to see why secularists, desperate to explain their existence apart from a Creator, would cling to such fantastic notions. Gas-expansion and pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. Antimatter weapons are currently too costly and unreliable to be viable in warfare, as producing antimatter is enormously expensive (estimated at $6 billion for every 100 nanograms), the quantities of antimatter generated are very small, and current technology has great difficulty containing antimatter, which annihilates upon touching ordinary matter. Multiplying by the mass of the atmosphere $M_{atm}=5.1*10^{18}$ gives us how much energy it takes to heat the atmosphere by 1 degree Kelvin, $C_v*M_{atm}=3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1}$. The positrons will meet electrons and produce 0.511 MeV gammas, but the protons meeting antiprotons will initially have a quark annihilate . In our case, we're taking the mass of earth plus the mass of the antimatter planet.
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