minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. In an experiment in which participants were asked to debate issues such as abortion, they found a negative correlation between the number of members holding a majority view and the sway held by minority views. Instead, minority views tend to be adopted when they exert informative influence:the unusual nature or novelty of the minoritys argument means that other members of a group pay close attention to it. WebThis article attempts to highlight the Uzbek-Afghan cooperation, consistently reveals a retrospective of the issue, but the main focus is on the deve- lopment of relations between states after 1992, when diplomatic relations were This change in private opinion prompts a shift in behavior, and a member may promote his or her newly-acquiredview to other members of the group. For him, the new ethnicities admitted into the United States were not entitled to their American identity; it was to be earned. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. (2011). This discrepancy suggests that in the sphere of minority influence, as in many other spheres, interacting, mutually interdependent individuals react differently than solitary individuals processing social information. people should benefit those who benefit them. Participants were instructed to sit around a table to discuss the compensation amount, either in seats which were grouped, or in a solitary seat at the head of the table. V. C. Ottati, R. S. Scott, J. Edwards, F. B. Bryant, L. Heath, and D. C. OConnell, et al. How do they shape their influence strategies over time? According to the genetic model of Moscovici (1976), the power of minorities to effect social change lies in their capacity to create a social conflict with majorities through vigorous advocacy of their position. Finally, a separate but still very much cognitive line of inquiry has focused on the styles of thinking inspired by minority (vs. majority) pressures, examining thought modality (e.g., Nemeth, 1986) and complexity (e.g., Gruenfeld, 1995). Nemeth, C. J. Psychol. ^Social influence research has traditionally assumed that a motive for social acceptance underlies yielding to social influence (Deutsch and Gerard, 1955), not exerting social influence. 83, 10951102. Crano, W. D. (2010). The conflict elaboration theory of social influence, in Understanding Group Behavior: Small Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. Minorities have been pigeonholed, pathologized, stigmatized, and dismissed in a countless way (Moscovici, 1994, p. 239). Jetten, J., and Hornsey, M. J. Psychol. Soc. Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 334. The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: to leave or not to leave. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 309367. Latan, B. Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., and Dugoni, B. L. (1996). Research on minority influence, which revitalized the field of social influence, is in need of revitalization itself. Research on group-decision making has elucidated the probability of any one faction prevailing as a function of types of decision tasks (Laughlin and Ellis, 1986), and shared cognitions and motivations (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Tindale et al., 2013), especially in the context of jury decision-making (Tindale et al., 2004), and organizational decision-making (De Dreu and West, 2001). Group decision making under conditions of distributed knowledge: The information asymmetries model. Majority and Minority Influence: Societal Meaning and Cognitive Elaboration, London, Routledge: Taylor & Francis. Minority Influence - Psychologist World The confidence of a minority can also affect its ability to influence other members. (2012). Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. From 1845 to 1854, an influx of Irish people arrived on the East Coast that outnumbered immigrants from all other countries since 1776 combined. Psychol. 22, 177189. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. The proposed agenda for future research on social change effected through minority influence is hardly comprehensive. Yet, for their initial sense of correctness to survive, minorities must seek broader social support. Social influence exerted by minorities motivated by social control may differ from social influence exerted by their validation-motivated and acceptance-motivated counterparts. Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? Minority influence occurs when a minority group impacts the majoritys The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. To understand social change, it is necessary to study influence efforts as they occur over time, in dynamic exchanges between group factions, which seek to influence for various reasons. What is it, and how does it work in each case? WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) The idea of minority influence is now a defining aspect in all conceptualizations of social influence, researched in parallel with majority influence (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Levine and Prislin, 2013). J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. Groups as the minds natural environment, in Evolutionary Social Psychology. Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. J. Soc. Echterhoff, G., and Higgins, T. E. (2017). For example, the exhaustively studied informational influence strategy has been limited to message-based appeals whose goal is to change understanding of an issue through evaluation of message content. Sparked by the early scientific findings about human-induced global warming, the issue was first recognized as an existential threat by only a few whose minority position was often ridiculed, dismissed, distorted, or downplayed. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. But nevertheless, when you, when, when I look at the literature and when I see what the reasons the possible reasons for the since government maintaining very firm hand on law and order. The daunting complexity of the social influence dynamics is challenging to capture in a formal model, much less empirical research. Eur. Contends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. Because of the earlier discussed asymmetry in reactions to losses and gains, the presumed intensely negative reactions of the former majorities, but only mildly positive reactions of the former minorities, should render the group weak immediately after experiencing social change via conversion. informational social influence because it happens when a person conforms to gain New York: Psychology Press. Teaching as social influence: empowering teachers to become agents of social change. (2017). (1997). Eur. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191, De Groeve, B., and Rosenfeld, D. L. (2022). On the other hand, minorities motivated to be socially accepted need not necessarily seek converts to their position.5 Rather, they may pursue social change by advocating for tolerance. So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. The complexity of these asymmetries suggests multiple specific motives behind minorities pursuit of social change. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? Rev. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. doi: 10.1037/a0016169, Prislin, R., Limbert, W. M., and Bauer, E. (2000). Unlike majority influence, minority influence can rarely 32, 459479. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Figure 1. J. M. Levine (New York: Psychology Press), 165192. They have been conducted within the framework of the gain-loss asymmetry model of change in minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). And in subsequent decades, the United States admitted millions of Italians, Jews and other ethnicities, with their foreign languages, religions and complexions. (2009). Which leaves us with the persistent publish or perish culture that discourages high-stakes, time-consuming, logistically demanding, group-oriented research, especially if it is longitudinal. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. A look at how social influence affects opinions and behavior. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. Yet, the informational strategy could be used differently to emphasize common group identity (social acceptance) or quid pro quo (social control) by acceptance-motivated and control-motivated minorities, respectively. For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). London: Academic Press. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. 51, 629636. Prislin, R., Boyle, S., Davenport, C., Farley, A., Jacobs, E., Michalak, J., et al. Crano, W. D. (2001). In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. One obvious example are elites, though, it could be argued that they represent numerical minorities but not necessarily non-normative minorities. 71, 11811193. Minority Opinion Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc. Acad. In counting the American people, the Census Bureau may distinguish between Black, white, Asian and Hispanic, but it indiscriminately recognizes them all as fellow Americans as people who count and therefore must be counted. They exist in research on minority influence, too. Soc. eds. S. Harkins, K. D. Williams, and J. M. Burger (New York: Oxford University Press), 317337. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. 21.4: Majority Influence- Conforming To The Group Morally admirable or moralistically deplorable? This unidirectional conceptualization postulated influence as flowing exclusively from a majority to a minority. J. Group Processes. Moscovici, S., and Prez, J. And even if the Census Bureaus categories reinforce the racial boundaries that too often divide American society, these categories are also starting to show signs of their mutability. The innovative theorizing about active minorities and their effect on the world revitalized research on social influence. From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. 12 Angry men notes & discussion - University of Alberta doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(86)90022-3. In government, lobbyists representing a minority such as a company, charity or trade body seek to influence the views of legislators by publishing research which supports the interests of that minority. Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation. Instead, it Minority origin of change is no less true for research on social influence than any other arena. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.388. eds. (1998). Moscovicis initial theorizing makes it clear that changing an individuals mind is, at most, a potential intermediatory step toward social change. Understanding their motivations is in the core of psychological approaches to social action, with different models emphasizing a variety of motives that reflect groups moral, fairness, and identity standards. 15, 323355. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more May they be as broad and inclusive as possible. Privacy & Cookies M. B. This is not to say that any single influence strategy is associated with any particular single motive; however, the same strategy may be employed differently in service of different motives. Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence. If there are reasons for optimism, they include signs of an increasing theoretical and methodological diversity in our discipline. Successful conversion of a sufficient number of group members to the minority position reverses positions (majority minority), representing a loss for the former majority and a gain for the former minority. Pers. (2009). Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. In spite of a remarkable scientific output, research on minority influence has not addressed its original question about social change. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: 1. Klandermans, B. Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. Psychol. Moscovici, S. (1980). doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.005, Brewer, M. B. Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. Consensual Action by Small Groups. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420130103. Levine, J. M., and Tindale, R. S. (2015). One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. The reasons for a paucity of longitudinal studies are many. Many Hispanics identify as white, and marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites make up more than 40 percent of recent interracial marriages. Moscovici broke the spell, pointing out that the conceptualization runs afoul of a self-evident truth about the ever-changing world. Even a cursory analysis of just about any social change reveals that it takes time to alter social relations and social structure within a group. Vol. Political systems, scientific paradigms, religious dogmas, art movements, and fashion styles are all changed by active minorities who successfully challenge the status quo and offer an alternative (Moscovici and Faucheux, 1972; Moscovici, 1976). 6. ed. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). Soc. Abrams, D., and Hogg, M. A. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence. 1, 195228. Finally, different motives may call for different types of social change. The reasons for this development are complex. She suggests that the result of minority influence, when compared to majority influence, is that the former nurtures divergent thinking, whereas compliance with the demands of the majority reduces differences in opinion amongst a groups members (Nemeth, 1986). eds. The social impact of majorities and minorities. Hence, the proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive, and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. Soc. J. Pers. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. Intergroup Relat. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique. As a counterbalance to research on the informational value of minority advocacy, several lines of research have emphasized the role of social identity and the resultant normative pressures in determining reactions to minority influence, which reactions expand beyond attitudinal shifts to include group-categorization (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990; David and Turner, 2001) and self-categorization (e.g., Wood et al., 1996). Cyberbullying has become more prevalent with increasing technological advances in our society. This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. In order to change the majorities view the minority has to propose a clear position and has to defend and advocate its position consistently. The challenge may be great but not insurmountable. Soc. In this instance, groupthink can lead to the factory becoming uncompetitive, whilstits competitors adopt more efficient practices. Br. These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. Conversion vs. tolerance: minority-focused influence strategies can affect group loyalty. The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Bull. In a 1969 study, participants were presented with a number of slides, and were asked to identify the color shown in each slide in the company of other participants.
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